Shunt (right to left, anatomic shunts)

Etiology

Pulmonary

  • Arteriovenous fistula (eg, idiopathic arteriovenous malformation (AVM), Osler-Weber-Rendu, hepatopulmonary)
  • Atelectasis
  • Pulmonary edema
  • Pneumonia
  • Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
Cardiac
  • Atrial septal defect
  • Ventricular septal defect
  • Patent foramen ovale
  • Patent ductus arteriosus

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Last updated: December 1, 2014