Shunt (right to left, anatomic shunts)
Etiology
Etiology
Etiology
Pulmonary
- Arteriovenous fistula (eg, idiopathic arteriovenous malformation (AVM), Osler-Weber-Rendu, hepatopulmonary)
- Atelectasis
- Pulmonary edema
- Pneumonia
- Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
Cardiac - Atrial septal defect
- Ventricular septal defect
- Patent foramen ovale
- Patent ductus arteriosus
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