Osteoporosis and Osteopenia
Basics
Description
A skeletal disease characterized by low bone mass, with disruption of bone architecture leading to compromised bone strength and risk of fracture.
Epidemiology
- Predominant age: elderly >60 years of age
- Predominant sex: female > male (80%/20%)
Prevalence
- >2 million fractures annually attributed to osteoporosis in the United States.
- >9.9 million Americans have osteoporosis.
- >43.1 million Americans have osteopenia.
- Women >50 years of age: osteoporosis 15.4% and osteopenia 51.4%
- Men >50 years of age: osteoporosis 4.3% and osteopenia 35.2%
Etiology and Pathophysiology
- Imbalance between bone resorption/formation
- Hypoestrogenemia
Genetics
- Familial predisposition
- More common in Caucasians and Asians than in African Americans and Hispanics (1)
Commonly Associated Conditions
- Malabsorption syndromes: gastrectomy, inflammatory bowel disease, celiac disease
- Hypoestrogenism: menopause, hypogonadism, eating disorders, etc.
- Endocrinopathies: hyperparathyroidism, hyperthyroidism, hypercortisolism, diabetes mellitus
- Hematologic disorders: sickle cell disease, multiple myeloma, thalassemia, hemochromatosis
- Other chronic diseases: multiple sclerosis, end-stage renal disease, rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, COPD, HIV/AIDS
- Medications: chemotherapy agents, antiepileptics, aromatase inhibitors (raloxifene), chronic corticosteroids (equivalent to at least 5 mg prednisone daily for at least 3 months), medroxyprogesterone acetate, heparin, SSRIs, thyroid hormone (in supraphysiologic doses), PPIs
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Citation
Domino, Frank J., et al., editors. "Osteoporosis and Osteopenia." 5-Minute Clinical Consult, 27th ed., Wolters Kluwer, 2020. Medicine Central, im.unboundmedicine.com/medicine/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/1688521/1.2/Osteoporosis_and_Osteopenia.
Osteoporosis and Osteopenia. In: Domino FJF, Baldor RAR, Golding JJ, et al, eds. 5-Minute Clinical Consult. Wolters Kluwer; 2020. https://im.unboundmedicine.com/medicine/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/1688521/1.2/Osteoporosis_and_Osteopenia. Accessed March 28, 2024.
Osteoporosis and Osteopenia. (2020). In Domino, F. J., Baldor, R. A., Golding, J., & Stephens, M. B. (Eds.), 5-Minute Clinical Consult (27th ed.). Wolters Kluwer. https://im.unboundmedicine.com/medicine/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/1688521/1.2/Osteoporosis_and_Osteopenia
Osteoporosis and Osteopenia [Internet]. In: Domino FJF, Baldor RAR, Golding JJ, Stephens MBM, editors. 5-Minute Clinical Consult. Wolters Kluwer; 2020. [cited 2024 March 28]. Available from: https://im.unboundmedicine.com/medicine/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/1688521/1.2/Osteoporosis_and_Osteopenia.
* Article titles in AMA citation format should be in sentence-case
TY - ELEC
T1 - Osteoporosis and Osteopenia
ID - 1688521
ED - Domino,Frank J,
ED - Baldor,Robert A,
ED - Golding,Jeremy,
ED - Stephens,Mark B,
BT - 5-Minute Clinical Consult, Updating
UR - https://im.unboundmedicine.com/medicine/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/1688521/1.2/Osteoporosis_and_Osteopenia
PB - Wolters Kluwer
ET - 27
DB - Medicine Central
DP - Unbound Medicine
ER -