Glucose Intolerance

Descriptive text is not available for this image BASICS

DESCRIPTION

  • Glucose intolerance is an intermediate stage between a normal glucose metabolism and diabetes. It occurs due to a gradual decline in β-cell function.
  • Individuals with impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and/or impaired glucose intolerance (IGT) have been referred to as having prediabetes:
    • IFG: 100 to 125 mg/dL
    • IGT: 140 to 199 mg/dL 2 hours after ingestion of 75 g oral glucose load
    • Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) 5.7–6.4%

EPIDEMIOLOGY

  • An estimated 97.6 million adults aged ≥18 years had prediabetes in 2021 (1)
  • In the United States, an estimated 88 million people aged ≥18 years are living with prediabetes as of 2020 based on The National Diabetes Statistics Report.
  • Only 11% of people with prediabetes are aware of their condition.
  • Among all U.S. adults aged ≥18 years, crude estimates for 2017 to 2020 was 38 % of all U.S. adults had prediabetes based on their fasting glucose or A1C level
  • Prediabetes has a 34.5% prevalence among adults aged >18 years and 51% of adults aged ≥65 years in the United States (2).

Incidence

  • Systematic review indicates a 5-year cumulative incidence of developing diabetes of 9–25% for people with an HbA1c of 5.5–6% and 25–50% with an HbA1c of 6–6.5%.
  • Highest incidence in American Indians/Alaska Natives, non-Hispanic blacks, and Hispanics (2)

Prevalence

  • As of 2020, prevalence of prediabetes in the United States was 34.5% in adults >20 years old and 51% in adults >65 years old. According to ADA, in 2015, 84.1 million Americans >18 years old had prediabetes.
  • As of 2021, the U.S. prevalence was 8.9%.

ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

Progressive loss of insulin secretion on the background of insulin resistance

Genetics

  • Genetic heterogeneity is established by family, twin, immunologic, and HLA disease association studies.
  • Variants in 11 genes have been shown to be significantly associated with future development of type 2 diabetes and IFG. Variants in 8 of these genes have been associated with impaired β-cell function.

RISK FACTORS

  • Body mass index (BMI) ≥25: overweight
  • History of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)
  • Sedentary lifestyle
  • Medications

GENERAL PREVENTION

  • Lifestyle modification with weight reduction and increased physical activity
  • A decrease in excess body fat provides the greatest risk reduction.

Pregnancy Considerations

  • Screening for diabetes in pregnancy is based on risk factor analysis:
    • High risk: first prenatal visit
    • Average risk: 24 to 28 weeks’ gestation
  • Women with GDM should be screened for diabetes 6 to 12 weeks’ postpartum with 75-g OGTT and then every 1 to 3 years via any method.

COMMONLY ASSOCIATED CONDITIONS

  • Obesity (abdominal and visceral obesity)
  • Dyslipidemia with high triglycerides (TG)
  • PCOS
  • GDM
  • Congenital diseases (Down, Turner, Klinefelter, and Wolfram syndromes)

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