Ataxia
Ataxia is a topic covered in the Select 5-Minute Pediatrics Topics.
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Basics
Description
- Ataxia refers to incoordination of movement out of proportion to weakness.
- Can be caused by dysfunction of cerebellum, proprioception, or vestibular system
- Careful history of timing of onset and antecedent events key in framing differential: acute, subacute, chronic/progressive, episodic
Epidemiology
- Acute cerebellar ataxia (ACA) was previously seen in 1 per 5,000 cases of varicella, accounting for 25% of total cases. The risk following varicella-zoster virus (VZV) vaccination is 1.5 per 1,000,000 doses.
- Most cases of ACA are still postviral, followed by ingestions, then Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) (combined account for 80% of total).
- Dominantly inherited spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) are 1–5 per 100,000 but tend to have a later age of onset.
- More likely to see autosomal recessive (AR) ataxias in childhood; most common is Friedreich (FRDA) at 1 in 30,000–50,000
Pathophysiology
- The cerebellum does not generate motor commands; instead, it modifies them to make them accurate and adaptive.
- The cerebellum receives input from the vestibular apparatus, spinal cord, and the cerebral cortex (via the pons).
- Both input and output is ipsilateral (i.e., right-sided cerebellar lesions cause right-sided ataxia).
- Midline cerebellum (vermis) controls gait, head and trunk stability, eye movements; lesions of vermis result in wide-based (“drunken sailor”) gait, truncal sway, and head titubation (bobbling movements).
- Cerebellar hemispheres control limb tone and coordination, motor learning, speech, eye movements; lesions of the cerebellar hemispheres cause limb dysmetria (trouble with finger nose finger testing).
- Function can be impaired by chemicals, autoimmune processes, genetic mutations; typical pathologic finding is loss of Purkinje cells and injury to their elaborate dendritic arbor.
Etiology
- Acute onset
- Ingestions/intoxications: alcohol, anticonvulsants including phenytoin, benzodiazepines, antihistamines, heavy metals, carbon monoxide
- Infections (e.g., Bartonella, Mycoplasma, Epstein-Barr virus)
- Postinfectious
- Postvaccination
- Demyelinating events: multiple sclerosis, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) (can be associated with altered mental status and seizure), Miller Fisher variant of GBS (triad of ataxia, ophthalmoplegia, areflexia; look for eye movement abnormalities and areflexia)
- Initial presentation of recurrent ataxia
- Subacute onset
- Cerebellar hemorrhage
- Ischemic stroke
- Encephalitis or cerebellitis
- Acute labyrinthitis/vestibular neuronitis (often prominent nausea/vomiting, hearing affected)
- Posterior fossa tumors (e.g., medulloblastoma)
- Paraneoplastic syndromes (opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome, with multidirectional chaotic eye movements; evaluate for neuroblastoma)
- Chronic or progressive
- Developmental defects: Dandy Walker, cerebellar agenesis, rhombencephalosynapsis, Chiari I malformation
- Ataxic cerebral palsy
- Tumors
- Paraneoplastic
- Metabolic/degenerative
- With pathologic accumulation: hexosaminidase deficiency, Niemann-Pick type C, metachromatic leukodystrophy, Wilson disease
- Hypomyelinating leukodystrophies (e.g., Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease)
- SCAs
- AR ataxias including FRDA (associated pes cavus, cardiomyopathy, diabetes, polyneuropathy), ataxia telangiectasia (frequent infections, increased susceptibility to leukemia/lymphoma; telangiectasias are a late finding, check alpha fetoprotein [AFP] level, sensitive after 1 year of age)
- Recurrent
- Migraine (vestibular migraine can present with ataxia and vertigo without headache)
- Episodic ataxia (EA1 and EA2 best characterized, at least 6 loci identified)
- Metabolic disorders: mitochondrial disorders, Hartnup disease, urea cycle defects, intermittent forms of maple syrup urine disease
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Basics
Description
- Ataxia refers to incoordination of movement out of proportion to weakness.
- Can be caused by dysfunction of cerebellum, proprioception, or vestibular system
- Careful history of timing of onset and antecedent events key in framing differential: acute, subacute, chronic/progressive, episodic
Epidemiology
- Acute cerebellar ataxia (ACA) was previously seen in 1 per 5,000 cases of varicella, accounting for 25% of total cases. The risk following varicella-zoster virus (VZV) vaccination is 1.5 per 1,000,000 doses.
- Most cases of ACA are still postviral, followed by ingestions, then Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) (combined account for 80% of total).
- Dominantly inherited spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) are 1–5 per 100,000 but tend to have a later age of onset.
- More likely to see autosomal recessive (AR) ataxias in childhood; most common is Friedreich (FRDA) at 1 in 30,000–50,000
Pathophysiology
- The cerebellum does not generate motor commands; instead, it modifies them to make them accurate and adaptive.
- The cerebellum receives input from the vestibular apparatus, spinal cord, and the cerebral cortex (via the pons).
- Both input and output is ipsilateral (i.e., right-sided cerebellar lesions cause right-sided ataxia).
- Midline cerebellum (vermis) controls gait, head and trunk stability, eye movements; lesions of vermis result in wide-based (“drunken sailor”) gait, truncal sway, and head titubation (bobbling movements).
- Cerebellar hemispheres control limb tone and coordination, motor learning, speech, eye movements; lesions of the cerebellar hemispheres cause limb dysmetria (trouble with finger nose finger testing).
- Function can be impaired by chemicals, autoimmune processes, genetic mutations; typical pathologic finding is loss of Purkinje cells and injury to their elaborate dendritic arbor.
Etiology
- Acute onset
- Ingestions/intoxications: alcohol, anticonvulsants including phenytoin, benzodiazepines, antihistamines, heavy metals, carbon monoxide
- Infections (e.g., Bartonella, Mycoplasma, Epstein-Barr virus)
- Postinfectious
- Postvaccination
- Demyelinating events: multiple sclerosis, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) (can be associated with altered mental status and seizure), Miller Fisher variant of GBS (triad of ataxia, ophthalmoplegia, areflexia; look for eye movement abnormalities and areflexia)
- Initial presentation of recurrent ataxia
- Subacute onset
- Cerebellar hemorrhage
- Ischemic stroke
- Encephalitis or cerebellitis
- Acute labyrinthitis/vestibular neuronitis (often prominent nausea/vomiting, hearing affected)
- Posterior fossa tumors (e.g., medulloblastoma)
- Paraneoplastic syndromes (opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome, with multidirectional chaotic eye movements; evaluate for neuroblastoma)
- Chronic or progressive
- Developmental defects: Dandy Walker, cerebellar agenesis, rhombencephalosynapsis, Chiari I malformation
- Ataxic cerebral palsy
- Tumors
- Paraneoplastic
- Metabolic/degenerative
- With pathologic accumulation: hexosaminidase deficiency, Niemann-Pick type C, metachromatic leukodystrophy, Wilson disease
- Hypomyelinating leukodystrophies (e.g., Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease)
- SCAs
- AR ataxias including FRDA (associated pes cavus, cardiomyopathy, diabetes, polyneuropathy), ataxia telangiectasia (frequent infections, increased susceptibility to leukemia/lymphoma; telangiectasias are a late finding, check alpha fetoprotein [AFP] level, sensitive after 1 year of age)
- Recurrent
- Migraine (vestibular migraine can present with ataxia and vertigo without headache)
- Episodic ataxia (EA1 and EA2 best characterized, at least 6 loci identified)
- Metabolic disorders: mitochondrial disorders, Hartnup disease, urea cycle defects, intermittent forms of maple syrup urine disease
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Citation
Cabana, Michael D., editor. "Ataxia." Select 5-Minute Pediatrics Topics, 7th ed., Wolters Kluwer Health, 2015. Medicine Central, im.unboundmedicine.com/medicine/view/Select-5-Minute-Pediatric-Consult/14213/0.3/Ataxia.
Ataxia. In: Cabana MDM, ed. Select 5-Minute Pediatrics Topics. Wolters Kluwer Health; 2015. https://im.unboundmedicine.com/medicine/view/Select-5-Minute-Pediatric-Consult/14213/0.3/Ataxia. Accessed March 21, 2023.
Ataxia. (2015). In Cabana, M. D. (Ed.), Select 5-Minute Pediatrics Topics (7th ed.). Wolters Kluwer Health. https://im.unboundmedicine.com/medicine/view/Select-5-Minute-Pediatric-Consult/14213/0.3/Ataxia
Ataxia [Internet]. In: Cabana MDM, editors. Select 5-Minute Pediatrics Topics. Wolters Kluwer Health; 2015. [cited 2023 March 21]. Available from: https://im.unboundmedicine.com/medicine/view/Select-5-Minute-Pediatric-Consult/14213/0.3/Ataxia.
* Article titles in AMA citation format should be in sentence-case
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