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    Depression

    Depression is a topic covered in the Select 5-Minute Pediatrics Topics.

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    Basics

    Description

    • General term that includes major depressive disorder (MDD), dysthymic disorder, depression associated with bipolar disorder, and adjustment disorder with depressed mood
    • Syndrome of persistent sadness or irritability associated with a variety of symptoms, resulting in functional impairment in the following:
      • Interpersonal (family, friends) relationships
      • Health (somatic complaints, unhealthy habits)
      • Work or school (task completion, grades)
      • Safety (high-risk behaviors including suicide)

    Epidemiology

    • Point prevalence: 6–11% of adolescents (age 13–18 years), 3–4% in younger children
    • Lifetime prevalence: up to 20% will have diagnosable depression by adolescence
    • Ratio of females to males: 1:1 in school-aged children, 2–3:1 in adolescents
    • Often chronic with high rate of recurrence
    • Often unrecognized; up to 80% of affected adolescents do not receive appropriate care.

    Risk Factors

    • Family history of depression, bipolar disorder, suicidal behavior in 1st-degree relative
    • Prior depressive episodes
    • Personal history of anxiety disorders, ADHD, learning disabilities, and early losses
    • Family dysfunction or caregiver–child conflict
    • Negative style of interpreting events and coping with stress
    • Substance abuse
    • Trauma history (e.g., victim of abuse, bullying)
    • Chronic illness (including obesity)

    Commonly Associated Conditions

    • 40–70% of children and adolescents with depression have comorbid psychiatric disorders:
      • Anxiety disorders
      • Somatization disorders
      • Disruptive behavioral disorders (e.g., ADHD, oppositional defiant and conduct disorders)
      • Eating disorders
      • Substance abuse
      • Physical or sexual abuse

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    Citation

    Cabana, Michael D., editor. "Depression." Select 5-Minute Pediatrics Topics, 7th ed., Wolters Kluwer Health, 2015. Medicine Central, im.unboundmedicine.com/medicine/view/Select-5-Minute-Pediatric-Consult/14114/all/Depression.
    Depression. In: Cabana MD, ed. Select 5-Minute Pediatrics Topics. 7th ed. Wolters Kluwer Health; 2015. https://im.unboundmedicine.com/medicine/view/Select-5-Minute-Pediatric-Consult/14114/all/Depression. Accessed April 24, 2019.
    Depression. (2015). In Cabana, M. D. (Ed.), Select 5-Minute Pediatrics Topics. Available from https://im.unboundmedicine.com/medicine/view/Select-5-Minute-Pediatric-Consult/14114/all/Depression
    Depression [Internet]. In: Cabana MD, editors. Select 5-Minute Pediatrics Topics. Wolters Kluwer Health; 2015. [cited 2019 April 24]. Available from: https://im.unboundmedicine.com/medicine/view/Select-5-Minute-Pediatric-Consult/14114/all/Depression.
    * Article titles in AMA citation format should be in sentence-case
    TY - ELEC T1 - Depression ID - 14114 ED - Cabana,Michael D, BT - Select 5-Minute Pediatrics Topics UR - https://im.unboundmedicine.com/medicine/view/Select-5-Minute-Pediatric-Consult/14114/all/Depression PB - Wolters Kluwer Health ET - 7 DB - Medicine Central DP - Unbound Medicine ER -