Goiter
Basics
Description
Goiter is enlargement of the thyroid gland.
Epidemiology
- The most common cause of pediatric goiter in the United States is chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis.
- The prevalence of goiter in the United States is 3–7%, although the incidence is much higher in regions of iodine deficiency.
- Thyroid cancers make up 0.5–1.5% of all malignancies in children and adolescents.
- Both thyroid tumors and autoimmune thyroid disease are more common in females than males.
Prevalence
World Health Organization (WHO) Global Database on Iodine Deficiency (1993–2003)
- Goiter prevalence globally is 15.8% of the general population.
- Insufficient iodine intake among school-aged children ranges from 10.1% in the Americas to 59.9% in Europe.
- 54 countries had iodine deficiency, 29 countries had excessive iodine intake, and 43 countries achieved optimal iodine intake.
Etiology
- Multinodular goiter (MNG) loci have been identified on chromosome 14q and on chromosome Xp22 and 3q26.
- Germline mutations in DICER1 (chromosome 14q31) have been found in familial MNG-1, with and without ovarian Sertoli-Leydig cell tumors.
- Germline mutation in thyroid transcription factor-1 (TITF-1/NKX2.1) has been found in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma and a history of multinodular goiter.
- Other genes implicated in simple goiter formation: thyroglobulin, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptor, and Na+/I− symporter
- Thyroid peroxidase mutations lead to iodide organification defects and goitrous congenital hypothyroidism.
- Twin and family studies show a modest to major effect of environmental factors, especially iodine deficiency and cigarette smoking.
- Excessive maternal ingestion of iodine during pregnancy can lead to congenital goiter with increased iodine uptake on scan and in some babies, a transient hypothyroidism.
- Autoimmune goiters, such as chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis, occur in children with a genetic predisposition.
- Thyroid cancers are usually sporadic. Medullary carcinoma can be familial (autosomal dominant), as part of multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) type 2A and 2B, or as isolated malignancy.
- Pendred syndrome (autosomal recessive) causes congenital sensorineural deafness and an iodine organification defect that leads to goiter.
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Citation
Cabana, Michael D., editor. "Goiter." Select 5-Minute Pediatrics Topics, 7th ed., Wolters Kluwer Health, 2015. Medicine Central, im.unboundmedicine.com/medicine/view/Select-5-Minute-Pediatric-Consult/14082/all/Goiter.
Goiter. In: Cabana MDM, ed. Select 5-Minute Pediatrics Topics. Wolters Kluwer Health; 2015. https://im.unboundmedicine.com/medicine/view/Select-5-Minute-Pediatric-Consult/14082/all/Goiter. Accessed May 29, 2023.
Goiter. (2015). In Cabana, M. D. (Ed.), Select 5-Minute Pediatrics Topics (7th ed.). Wolters Kluwer Health. https://im.unboundmedicine.com/medicine/view/Select-5-Minute-Pediatric-Consult/14082/all/Goiter
Goiter [Internet]. In: Cabana MDM, editors. Select 5-Minute Pediatrics Topics. Wolters Kluwer Health; 2015. [cited 2023 May 29]. Available from: https://im.unboundmedicine.com/medicine/view/Select-5-Minute-Pediatric-Consult/14082/all/Goiter.
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