cannabidiol

General

Pronunciation:
kan-a-bi-dye-ol


Trade Name(s)

  • Epidiolex

Ther. Class.

anticonvulsants

Pharm. Class.

cannabinoids

Controlled Substance Schedule: V

Indications

Seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, Dravet syndrome, or tuberous sclerosis complex.

Action

Cannabidiol is a cannabinoid that naturally occurs in the  Cannabis sativa  plant. Mechanism of anticonvulsant effect unknown; does not work by interacting with cannabinoid receptors.

Therapeutic Effect(s):

Reduction in frequency of atonic, tonic, clonic, and tonic-clonic seizures.

Pharmacokinetics

Absorption: Extent of absorption unknown. High-fat/high-calorie meals increase extent of absorption.

Distribution: Extensively distributed to tissues.

Protein Binding: >94%.

Metabolism and Excretion: Primarily metabolized in the liver by the CYP2C9 and CYP3A4 isoenzymes to an active metabolite (7-OH-CBD). Primarily excreted in feces.

Half-life: 56–61 hr.

TIME/ACTION PROFILE (plasma concentrations)

ROUTEONSETPEAKDURATION
POunknown2.5–5 hrunknown

Contraindication/Precautions

Contraindicated in:

  • Hypersensitivity to cannabidiol or sesame oil.

Use Cautiously in:

  • Elevated liver enzymes (at baseline);
  • Moderate to severe hepatic impairment;
  • OB:   Use during pregnancy only if the potential maternal benefit justifies the potential fetal risk;
  • Lactation:  Use while breastfeeding only if the potential maternal benefit justifies the potential risk to the infant;
  • Pedi:  Children <2 yr (safety and effectiveness not established);
  • Geri:  Choose dose carefully in older adults, considering concurrent disease states, drug therapy, and age-related ↓ in hepatic and renal function.

Adverse Reactions/Side Effects

Derm: rash

EENT: dry mouth

GI: ↑ liver enzymes, diarrhea, abdominal pain, hepatotoxicity

GU: ↑ serum creatinine

Hemat: anemia

Metabolic: ↓ appetite, ↓ weight

Neuro: fatigue, insomnia, sedation, aggressive behavior, agitation, ataxia, SUICIDAL THOUGHTS/BEHAVIORS

Misc: HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS (including angioedema), infection, physical dependence, psychological dependence (high doses or prolonged therapy)

* CAPITALS indicate life-threatening.
Underline indicate most frequent.

Interactions

Drug-Drug

  •  Moderate or strong CYP2C9 inhibitors  and  moderate or strong CYP3A4 inhibitors  may ↑ levels and risk of toxicity; consider ↓ cannabidiol dose.
  •  Strong CYP2C9 inducers  or  strong CYP3A4 inducers  may ↓ levels and effectiveness; consider ↑ cannabidiol dose.
  • May ↑ levels of  CYP1A2 substrates, including  theophylline  and  tizanidine ; consider ↓ dose of CYP1A2 substrate.
  • May ↑ levels of  CYP2B6 substrates, including  bupropion  and  efavirenz ; consider ↓ dose of CYP2B6 substrate.
  • May ↑ levels and risk of toxicity of  CYP2C8 substrates  and  CYP2C9 substrates ; consider ↓ dose of CYP2C8 or CYP2C9 substrate.
  • May ↑ levels of  CYP2C19 substrates, including  diazepam ; consider ↓ dose of CYP2C19 substrate.
  • May ↑ levels and risk of toxicity of  stiripentol  and  everolimus.
  • Additive CNS depression with  alcohol,  antihistamines,  barbiturates,  benzodiazepines,  muscle relaxants,  opioid analgesics,  tricyclic   antidepressants, and  sedative/hypnotics.
  •  Valproic acid  and  clobazam  may ↑ risk of hepatotoxicity; consider discontinuation of or adjustment of dose of valproic acid and/or clobazam if ↑ liver enzymes occur.

Route/Dosage

Seizures Associated with Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome or Dravet Syndrome

PO (Adults and Children ≥1 yr): 2.5 mg/kg twice daily; can ↑ dose to 5 mg/kg twice daily in 1 wk. If further reduction in seizure frequency needed, may continue to ↑ dose on weekly basis (every other day if more rapid titration warranted) in increments of 2.5 mg/kg twice daily (max dose = 10 mg/kg twice daily).

Hepatic Impairment 
PO (Adults and Children ≥1 yr): Moderate hepatic impairment:  1.25 mg/kg twice daily; can ↑ dose to 2.5 mg/kg twice daily in 1 wk. If further reduction in seizure frequency needed, may continue to ↑ dose on weekly basis (every other day if more rapid titration warranted) in increments of 1.25 mg/kg twice daily (max dose = 5 mg/kg twice daily);  Severe hepatic impairment:  0.5 mg/kg twice daily; can ↑ dose to 1 mg/kg twice daily in 1 wk. If further reduction in seizure frequency needed, may continue to ↑ dose on weekly basis (every other day if more rapid titration warranted) in increments of 0.5 mg/kg twice daily (max dose = 2 mg/kg twice daily).

Seizures Associated with Tuberous Sclerosis Complex

PO (Adults and Children ≥1 yr): 2.5 mg/kg twice daily; can ↑ dose on weekly basis (every other day if more rapid titration warranted) in increments of 2.5 mg/kg twice daily to recommended maintenance dosage of 12.5 mg/kg twice daily.

Hepatic Impairment 
PO (Adults and Children ≥1 yr): Moderate hepatic impairment:  1.25 mg/kg twice daily; can ↑ dose on weekly basis (every other day if more rapid titration warranted) in increments of 1.25 mg/kg twice daily to recommended maintenance dosage of 6.25 mg/kg twice daily;  Severe hepatic impairment:  0.5 mg/kg twice daily; can ↑ dose on weekly basis (every other day if more rapid titration warranted) in increments of 0.5 mg/kg twice daily to recommended maintenance dosage of 2.5 mg/kg twice daily.

Availability

Oral solution (strawberry flavor): 100 mg/mL

Assessment

  • Assess location, duration, and characteristics of seizure activity. Institute seizure precautions.
  • Monitor closely for notable changes in behavior that could indicate the emergence or worsening of suicidal thoughts, behavior, or depression.
  • Monitor for signs and symptoms of hepatotoxicity (unexplained nausea, vomiting, right upper quadrant abdominal pain, fatigue, anorexia, jaundice, and/or dark urine). If signs and symptoms occur, promptly measure serum transaminases and total bilirubin and interrupt or discontinue treatment with cannabidiol.
  • Monitor for signs and symptoms of hypersensitivity reactions (pruritus, erythema, and angioedema) during therapy. Discontinue cannabidiol if symptoms occur.

Lab Test Considerations:

Obtain serum transaminases (ALT, AST) and total bilirubin levels before starting therapy. Elevations usually respond to ↓ dose or discontinuation of therapy. Monitor levels at 1, 3, and 6 mo after starting therapy; within 1 mo following dose changes; and as needed thereafter. Discontinue cannabidiol if transaminase levels >3 times upper limit of normal (ULN) and bilirubin levels >2 times ULN. Also discontinue therapy if transaminase persistently >5 times ULN.

Implementation

  • PO Administer orally twice daily with consistency in regard to food; food may effect cannabidiol levels. Use calibrated measuring device included with cannabidiol to ensure accurate dosing. Solution is strawberry-flavored and clear, colorless to yellow. Store at room temperature; do not refrigerate or freeze. Discard 12 wk after bottle is first opened.
    • May be administered enterally via silicone feeding (nasogastric, gastrostomy) tubes. Flush with approximately 5 times the priming volume of the tube with room-temperature drinking water after each dose. Volume may need to be modified in patients with fluid restrictions. Do not use with tubes made of polyvinyl chloride or polyurethane and avoid use of silicone nasogastric tubes with short lengths and narrow diameters (e.g., less than 50 cm and less than 5 FR)

Patient/Family Teaching

  • Instruct patient to take cannabidiol as directed. Advise patient not to stop cannabidiol without consulting health care professional; must be gradually discontinued to prevent seizures. Advise patient to read the  Medication Guide  before starting therapy and with each Rx refill in case of changes.
  • May cause drowsiness. Caution patient to avoid driving or other activities requiring alertness until response to medication is known. Tell patient not to resume driving until health care professional gives clearance based on control of seizure disorder and response to medication is known.
  • Advise patient to notify health care professional promptly if signs and symptoms of hepatotoxicity occur.
  • Instruct patient to notify health care professional of all Rx or OTC medications, vitamins, or herbal products being taken; consult health care professional before taking any new medications; and avoid alcohol during therapy.
  • Inform patients and families of risk of suicidal thoughts and behavior and advise that behavioral changes, emergency or worsening signs and symptoms of depression, unusual changes in mood, or emergence of suicidal thoughts, behavior, or thoughts of self-harm should be reported to health care professional immediately.
  • Inform patients of potential for positive cannabis drug screens.
  • Rep:  Advise females of reproductive potential to notify health care professional if pregnancy is planned or suspected or if breastfeeding. Encourage patients who become pregnant to enroll in both of the following pregnancy registries: the North American Antiepileptic Drug (NAAED) Pregnancy Registry (1-888-233-2334www.aedpregnancyregistry.org); and the  Epidiolex  Pregnancy Surveillance Program (1-855-272-7158)www.epidiolexpregnancystudy.com). Enrollment must be done by patients themselves.

Evaluation/Desired Outcomes

Decreased frequency and intensity of seizure activity.