Pituitary Adenoma

Descriptive text is not available for this image BASICS

DESCRIPTION

Typically benign, slow-growing (noncancerous) tumors that arise from cells in the pituitary gland

  • Presenting symptoms include neurologic deficits, visual changes including diplopia, and headaches.
  • Subtypes (hormonal): prolactinoma (PRL) 25–40%, nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas 30%, somatotroph adenoma (growth hormone [GH]) 15–20%, corticotroph adenoma (adrenocorticotropic hormone [ACTH]) 5–10%, thyrotroph adenoma (thyroid-stimulating hormone [TSH]) <1%, gonadotropinoma (luteinizing hormone/follicle-stimulating hormone [LH/FSH]), mixed (1)[A]
  • Defined as microadenoma <10 mm and macroadenoma ≥10 mm
  • May secrete hormones and/or cause mass effects, or visual changes
  • Functioning (secreting) adenomas: adenomas that release excess pituitary hormones which can cause certain symptoms and/or conditions depending on the hormone it releases.
  • Nonfunctioning (non-secreting) adenomas: adenomas that may not release hormones, but they can impinge or compress adjacent structures if they continue to grow.

EPIDEMIOLOGY

Incidence

  • Autopsy studies have found microadenomas in 3–27% and macroadenomas in <0.5% of people without any pituitary disorders.
  • Clinically apparent pituitary tumors are seen in 18/100,000 persons.

ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

  • Monoclonal adenohypophysial cell growth
  • Hormonal effects of functional microadenomas often prompt diagnosis before mass effect.
  • PRL increased by functional PRLs or inhibited dopaminergic suppression by stalk effect

Genetics

Familial isolated pituitary adenomas: ~15% have mutations in the aryl hydrocarbon receptor–interacting protein gene (AIP); present at a younger age and are larger in size (2)

RISK FACTORS

Multiple endocrine neoplasias

COMMONLY ASSOCIATED CONDITIONS

  • McCune-Albright syndrome
  • Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1)

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