Hypereosinophilic Syndrome
Basics
Description
- Hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES): a group of disorders characterized by an overproduction of eosinophils that subsequently infiltrate and damage multiple organs
- Hypereosinophilia (HE): with eosinophilia-mediated organ damage
- A persistent blood eosinophilia >1.5 × 109 cells/L on two examinations separated by at least 1 month and/or tissue HE
- Exclusion of all other causes of organ damage and eosinophilia (“MAAACP”: malignancy, asthma, allergy, Addison disease [AD], connective tissue disease, parasitic infection)
- Tissue HE defined by the following:
- Eosinophils >20% of all nucleated cells on bone marrow section and/or
- Extensive tissue infiltration on histopathology and/or
- Marked deposition of eosinophil granular proteins in tissue
- System(s) affected: hematologic, cardiac, cutaneous, pulmonary, neurologic, gastrointestinal (GI); rheumatologic, ocular
Epidemiology
A rare condition; prevalence 0.36 to 6.3/100,000 typically seen between 20 and 50 years
- Clinically relevant variants:
- T-cell lymphocytic (L-HES): benign polyclonal hypergammaglobulinemia but may progress to T-cell lymphoma. CD3−/CD4+, interleukin (IL)-5–producing T cells. Prominent skin findings include erythroderma, plaques, and/or urticaria.
- Myeloproliferative (F/P+HES): almost exclusively in males with FIP1L1-PDGFRA fusion (FIP1-like-1 fused with platelet-derived growth factor receptor α [F/P] and increased serum vitamin B12, bicytopenia, organomegaly, increased serum tryptase, and positive mast cell abnormalities)
- Familial HES: AD asymptomatic eosinophilia present at birth
- Benign HES: HE without end-organ damage
- Complex HES: multisystem organ involvement
- Episodic HES: Periodic rise in IL-5 leads to angioedema and eosinophilia; resolves spontaneously; may progress to L-HES
- Overlap HES: restricted eosinophilia to a single organ (GI, pulmonary, cardiac, vascular)
- Other clinical situations with HE:
- Churg-Strauss syndrome (eosinophilic vasculitis that can affect skin, sinuses, heart, lungs, peripheral nerves), Gleich syndrome (episodic HES with pruritus, urticaria, fever, weight gain, increase serum IgM, and leukocytosis)
- Immunodysregulation (collagen vascular disease, sarcoid, ulcerative colitis, autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome, HIV)
- HE of undetermined significance (no complications related to tissue eosinophilia)
Incidence
- Peak incidence in 4th decade of life
- Uncommon in children
- Incidence decreases in elderly.
- Predominant sex: male > female (9:1)
Etiology and Pathophysiology
- Primary molecular defect resulting in clonal eosinophilic proliferation and/or overproduction or functional abnormalities of eosinophilopoietic cytokines and/or defects in normal suppressive regulation of eosinophilopoiesis
- Three hematopoietic cytokines: IL-3, IL-5, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) stimulate bone marrow myeloid progenitors to overproduce eosinophils; IL-5 is most specific for eosinophil differentiation.
- Pathogenesis:
- HES: Eosinophils infiltrate organs and release toxic granules containing major basic protein, eosinophil peroxidase, eosinophil cationic protein (ECP), eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN), Charcot-Leyden crystals, VIP, and substance P; neurotoxic, cytotoxic, and prothrombotic; creates oxidative burst, reactive oxygen species
- EDN and ECP activate fibroblasts: fibrosis and organ dysfunction.
Genetics
- F/P+HES: Microdeletion at 4q12 causing gene fusion creates constitutively active tyrosine kinase.
- Other PDGFRA fusion partners besides FIP1L1; PDGFRB → translocation at 5q31-33 and FGFR1 → translocation at 8p11-13
- PDGFRA mutations account for 14% of HES cases (1).
- L-HES: clonal T-cell expansion; mutations such as 16q breakage, partial 6q or 10p deletions, trisomy 7
- Familial eosinophilia: autosomal dominant, at 5q31 to q33; eosinophilia at birth often asymptomatic
- Cardiac disease more in males, carriers of HLA-Bw44
Risk Factors
Male gender (F/P+HES)
General Prevention
No known preventive measures
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Citation
Domino, Frank J., et al., editors. "Hypereosinophilic Syndrome." 5-Minute Clinical Consult, 33rd ed., Wolters Kluwer, 2025. Medicine Central, im.unboundmedicine.com/medicine/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/1688726/all/Hypereosinophilic_Syndrome.
Hypereosinophilic Syndrome. In: Domino FJF, Baldor RAR, Golding JJ, et al, eds. 5-Minute Clinical Consult. Wolters Kluwer; 2025. https://im.unboundmedicine.com/medicine/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/1688726/all/Hypereosinophilic_Syndrome. Accessed December 3, 2024.
Hypereosinophilic Syndrome. (2025). In Domino, F. J., Baldor, R. A., Golding, J., & Stephens, M. B. (Eds.), 5-Minute Clinical Consult (33rd ed.). Wolters Kluwer. https://im.unboundmedicine.com/medicine/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/1688726/all/Hypereosinophilic_Syndrome
Hypereosinophilic Syndrome [Internet]. In: Domino FJF, Baldor RAR, Golding JJ, Stephens MBM, editors. 5-Minute Clinical Consult. Wolters Kluwer; 2025. [cited 2024 December 03]. Available from: https://im.unboundmedicine.com/medicine/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/1688726/all/Hypereosinophilic_Syndrome.
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