Mastitis
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Basics
Description
- Mastitis is an inflammation of the breast parenchyma and possibly associated tissues (areola, nipple, subcutaneous [SC] fat).
- Usually associated with bacterial infection (and milk stasis in the postpartum mother)
- Can be lactational or nonlactational
- Usually an acute condition but can become chronic cystic mastitis
Epidemiology
- Predominantly affects females
- Mostly in the puerperium; epidemic form rare in the age of reduced hospital stays for mothers and newborns
- Neonatal form
- Posttraumatic: ornamental nipple piercing increases risk of transmission of bacteria to deeper breast structures; Staphylococcus aureus is the predominant organism.
Incidence
- 3–20% of breastfeeding mothers develop nonepidemic mastitis, with greatest incidence among breastfeeding mothers 2 to 6 weeks postpartum.
- Neonatal form occurs at 1 to 5 weeks of age, with equal gender risk and unilateral presentation.
- Pediatric form occurs at or around or after puberty, with 82% of cases in girls.
Etiology and Pathophysiology
- Microabscesses along milk ducts and surrounding tissues
- Inflammatory cell infiltration of breast parenchyma and surrounding tissues
- Nonpuerperal (infectious) S. aureus (including methicillin-resistant S. aureus [MRSA]), Bacteroides spp., Peptostreptococcus, Staphylococcus (coagulase negative), Enterococcus faecalis, Histoplasma capsulatum, Salmonella enterica, rare case of Actinomyces europaeus
- Puerperal (infectious) S. aureus (including MRSA), Streptococcus pyogenes (group A or B), Enterobacteriaceae, Corynebacterium spp., Bacteroides spp., Staphylococcus (coagulase negative), Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp. (1)
- Rare secondary site for tuberculosis in endemic areas (1% of mastitis cases in these areas): single breast nodule with mastalgia
- Tuberculosis mastitis in nonendemic areas has also been reported in patients with exposure to TNF-α inhibitors and other immunomodulating compounds (2)[C].
- Corynebacterium spp. associated with greater risk for development of chronic cystic mastitis
- Granulomatous mastitis
- Idiopathic
- Predilection for Asian and Hispanic women
- Association with α1-antitrypsin deficiency, hyperprolactinemia with galactorrhea, oral contraceptive use, Corynebacterium spp. infection, and breast trauma
- Most women have a history of lactation in previous 5 years.
- Lupus; autoimmune
- Idiopathic
- Puerperal
- Retrograde migration of surface bacteria up milk ducts
- Bacterial trapping behind plugged milk in the ductal outflow tracts
- Bacterial migration from nipple fissures to breast lymphatics
- Secondary monilial infection in the face of recurrent mastitis or diabetes
- Seeding from mother to neonate in cyclical fashion
- Nonpuerperal—a variety of causes including: ductal ectasia, breast carcinoma, inflammatory cysts, chronic recurring SC or subareolar infections, parasitic infections (Echinococcus, filariasis, guinea worm in endemic areas), herpes simplex, cat-scratch disease, and, in older patients, smoking. Lupus is a rare cause.
Risk Factors
- Breastfeeding
- Milk stasis: inadequate emptying of breast (scarring due to previous breast surgery [breast reduction, biopsy, or partial mastectomy], scarring of breast due to prior mastitis), breast engorgement: interruption of breastfeeding, milk oversupply, plugged ducts
- Nipple trauma increases risk of transmission of bacteria to deeper breast structures: S. aureus predominant organism.
- Neonatal colonization with epidemic Staphylococcus
- Neonatal—occurs more commonly in bottle-fed babies; may be related to manual expression of “witch’s milk” and can lead to lethal necrotizing fasciitis
- Maternal diabetes
- Maternal HIV
- Smoking
General Prevention
Regular emptying of both breasts and nipple care to prevent fissures when breastfeeding; also good hygiene including hand washing and washing breast pumps after each use
Commonly Associated Conditions
Breast abscess
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Basics
Description
- Mastitis is an inflammation of the breast parenchyma and possibly associated tissues (areola, nipple, subcutaneous [SC] fat).
- Usually associated with bacterial infection (and milk stasis in the postpartum mother)
- Can be lactational or nonlactational
- Usually an acute condition but can become chronic cystic mastitis
Epidemiology
- Predominantly affects females
- Mostly in the puerperium; epidemic form rare in the age of reduced hospital stays for mothers and newborns
- Neonatal form
- Posttraumatic: ornamental nipple piercing increases risk of transmission of bacteria to deeper breast structures; Staphylococcus aureus is the predominant organism.
Incidence
- 3–20% of breastfeeding mothers develop nonepidemic mastitis, with greatest incidence among breastfeeding mothers 2 to 6 weeks postpartum.
- Neonatal form occurs at 1 to 5 weeks of age, with equal gender risk and unilateral presentation.
- Pediatric form occurs at or around or after puberty, with 82% of cases in girls.
Etiology and Pathophysiology
- Microabscesses along milk ducts and surrounding tissues
- Inflammatory cell infiltration of breast parenchyma and surrounding tissues
- Nonpuerperal (infectious) S. aureus (including methicillin-resistant S. aureus [MRSA]), Bacteroides spp., Peptostreptococcus, Staphylococcus (coagulase negative), Enterococcus faecalis, Histoplasma capsulatum, Salmonella enterica, rare case of Actinomyces europaeus
- Puerperal (infectious) S. aureus (including MRSA), Streptococcus pyogenes (group A or B), Enterobacteriaceae, Corynebacterium spp., Bacteroides spp., Staphylococcus (coagulase negative), Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp. (1)
- Rare secondary site for tuberculosis in endemic areas (1% of mastitis cases in these areas): single breast nodule with mastalgia
- Tuberculosis mastitis in nonendemic areas has also been reported in patients with exposure to TNF-α inhibitors and other immunomodulating compounds (2)[C].
- Corynebacterium spp. associated with greater risk for development of chronic cystic mastitis
- Granulomatous mastitis
- Idiopathic
- Predilection for Asian and Hispanic women
- Association with α1-antitrypsin deficiency, hyperprolactinemia with galactorrhea, oral contraceptive use, Corynebacterium spp. infection, and breast trauma
- Most women have a history of lactation in previous 5 years.
- Lupus; autoimmune
- Idiopathic
- Puerperal
- Retrograde migration of surface bacteria up milk ducts
- Bacterial trapping behind plugged milk in the ductal outflow tracts
- Bacterial migration from nipple fissures to breast lymphatics
- Secondary monilial infection in the face of recurrent mastitis or diabetes
- Seeding from mother to neonate in cyclical fashion
- Nonpuerperal—a variety of causes including: ductal ectasia, breast carcinoma, inflammatory cysts, chronic recurring SC or subareolar infections, parasitic infections (Echinococcus, filariasis, guinea worm in endemic areas), herpes simplex, cat-scratch disease, and, in older patients, smoking. Lupus is a rare cause.
Risk Factors
- Breastfeeding
- Milk stasis: inadequate emptying of breast (scarring due to previous breast surgery [breast reduction, biopsy, or partial mastectomy], scarring of breast due to prior mastitis), breast engorgement: interruption of breastfeeding, milk oversupply, plugged ducts
- Nipple trauma increases risk of transmission of bacteria to deeper breast structures: S. aureus predominant organism.
- Neonatal colonization with epidemic Staphylococcus
- Neonatal—occurs more commonly in bottle-fed babies; may be related to manual expression of “witch’s milk” and can lead to lethal necrotizing fasciitis
- Maternal diabetes
- Maternal HIV
- Smoking
General Prevention
Regular emptying of both breasts and nipple care to prevent fissures when breastfeeding; also good hygiene including hand washing and washing breast pumps after each use
Commonly Associated Conditions
Breast abscess
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