Polycystic Kidney Disease
Basics
Description
- A group of monogenic disorders that results in renal cyst development
- The most frequent are two genetically distinct conditions: autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) and autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD).
- ADPKD is one of the most common human genetic disorders.
Epidemiology
- ADPKD is generally late onset.
- Mean age of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) 57 to 69 years
- More progressive disease in men than in women
- Up to 90% of adults have cysts in the liver.
- ARPKD usually present in infants.
- A minority in older children and young adults may manifest as liver disease.
- Nonobstructive intrahepatic bile dilatation is sometimes seen.
- Found on all continents and in all races
Incidence
- Mean age of ESKD: PKD1 mutation, 54.3 years versus PKD2 mutation, 74 years
- ARPKD affects 1/20,000 live births; carrier level is 1/70.
- ADPKD affects 1/400 to 1,000 live births.
Prevalence
As ESKD, ADPKD: 8.7/1 million in the United States; 7/1 million in Europe
Etiology and Pathophysiology
- ADPKD
- PKD1 and PKD2 mutations, which encode for polycystin 1 (PC1) and polycystin 2 (PC2), disrupt the function of polycystins on the primary cilium, forming fluid-filled cysts that progressively increase in size, leading to gross enlargement of the kidney, and distortion of the renal architecture.
- Glomerular hyperfiltration compensates for the progressive loss of healthy glomeruli, and therefore, by the time GFR decline becomes detectable, as much as ½ of the original functional glomeruli are irreversibly lost.
- The majority of patients with ADPKD ultimately progress to ESKD (1).
- ARPKD
- PKHD1 product fibrocystin is also located in cilia.
- ADPKD: Cysts arise from only 1% of nephrons:
- Autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance but a molecularly recessive disease with the 2-hit hypothesis
- Requires genetic and environmental factors
- ARPKD: Mutations are scattered throughout the gene with genotype–phenotype correlation.
Genetics
- ADPKD
- Autosomal dominant inheritance
- 50% of children of an affected adult are affected.
- 100% penetrance; genetic imprinting and genetic anticipation are seen as well.
- Two genes isolated
- PKD1 on chromosome 16p13.3 (85% of patients) encodes polycystin 1.
- PKD2 on chromosome 4q21 (15% of patients) encodes polycystin 2.
- ARPKD
- Autosomal recessive inheritance
- Siblings have a 1:4 chance of being affected; gene PKHD1 on chromosome 6p21.1–p12 encodes fibrocystin.
Risk Factors
A more rapidly progressive clinical course is predicted by onset of ESKD at <55 years, development of stage III CKD at <40 years old, onset of HTN at <18 years, total kidney volume greater than the expected for a given age, or presence of multiple complications (gross hematuria, microalbuminuria) (1).
General Prevention
Genetic counseling
Commonly Associated Conditions
- ADPKD
- Cysts in other organs
- Polycystic liver disease in 58% of young age group to 94% of 45-year-olds
- Pancreatic (5%); seminal (40%); arachnoid (8%)
- Vascular manifestations
- Intracerebral aneurysms in 6% of patients without family history and in 16% with family history
- Aortic root dilation, dissections
- Cardiac manifestations
- Mitral valve prolapse (25%); left ventricular hypertrophy
- Diverticular disease
- Cysts in other organs
- ARPKD: liver involvement: affected in inverse proportion to renal disease; congenital hepatic fibrosis with portal HTN
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Citation
Domino, Frank J., et al., editors. "Polycystic Kidney Disease." 5-Minute Clinical Consult, 27th ed., Wolters Kluwer, 2020. Medicine Central, im.unboundmedicine.com/medicine/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/117485/all/Polycystic_Kidney_Disease.
Polycystic Kidney Disease. In: Domino FJF, Baldor RAR, Golding JJ, et al, eds. 5-Minute Clinical Consult. Wolters Kluwer; 2020. https://im.unboundmedicine.com/medicine/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/117485/all/Polycystic_Kidney_Disease. Accessed December 3, 2023.
Polycystic Kidney Disease. (2020). In Domino, F. J., Baldor, R. A., Golding, J., & Stephens, M. B. (Eds.), 5-Minute Clinical Consult (27th ed.). Wolters Kluwer. https://im.unboundmedicine.com/medicine/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/117485/all/Polycystic_Kidney_Disease
Polycystic Kidney Disease [Internet]. In: Domino FJF, Baldor RAR, Golding JJ, Stephens MBM, editors. 5-Minute Clinical Consult. Wolters Kluwer; 2020. [cited 2023 December 03]. Available from: https://im.unboundmedicine.com/medicine/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/117485/all/Polycystic_Kidney_Disease.
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