Pneumonia, Bacterial
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Basics
Bacterial pneumonia is an infection of the pulmonary parenchyma by a bacterial organism.
Description
Bacterial pneumonia can be classified as the following:
- Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP): lower respiratory tract infection not acquired in a hospital, long-term care facility, or during other recent contact with the health care system
- Medical care–associated pneumonia
- Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP): pneumonia within ≥48 hours after admission and did not appear to be incubating at time of admission
- Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP): pneumonia that develops >48 hours after endotracheal intubation
- Health care–associated pneumonia (HCAP): Pneumonia that occurs in a nonhospitalized patient with extensive health care contact, such as the following:
- IV therapy/wound care within past 30 days
- Residing in a nursing home/long-term care
- Hospitalization in an acute care hospital for ≥2 days within the past 90 days; hemodialysis clinic within the past 30 days
Epidemiology
- Influenza and pneumonia are the eighth leading causes of death in the United States with about 53,282 deaths in 2013.
- HAP is the leading cause of death among nosocomial infections and is one of the leading causes of death in the ICU.
- Rates of infection are 3 times higher in African Americans than in whites and are 5 to 10 times higher in Native American adults and 10 times higher in Native American children.
- Mortality rate in children is approximately 1.6 million a year. Hospitalization rate for children with CAP is still highest among the very young ages (<18 months). Respiratory viruses are the most commonly detected causes of pneumonia (1).
Incidence
Etiology and Pathophysiology
- Adults, CAP
- Typical (85%): Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Staphylococcus aureus, group A Streptococcus, Moraxella catarrhalis
- Atypical (15%): Legionella sp., Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Chlamydophila pneumoniae
- Adults, HCAP/HAP/VAP
- Aerobic gram-negative bacilli: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Acinetobacter sp.
- Gram-positive cocci: Streptococcus sp. and S. aureus (including MRSA)
- Children
- Birth to 20 days: E. coli, group B streptococci, Listeria monocytogenes
- 3 weeks to 3 months: Chlamydia trachomatis, S. pneumoniae
- 4 months to 18 years
- Typical: S. pneumoniae
- Atypical: C. pneumoniae, M. pneumoniae
Risk Factors
CAP
- Age >65 years
- HIV/immunocompromised
- Recent antibiotic therapy/resistance to antibiotics
- Asthma, CAD, COPD, chronic renal failure, CHF, diabetes, liver disease, VAP, HAP, HCAP
- Hospitalization for ≥2 days during past 90 days
- Severe illness
- Antibiotic therapy in the past 6 months
- Poor functional status as defined by activities of daily living score
- Immunosuppression (including steroid users) (3)
General Prevention
- All children 2 to 59 months of age should be routinely vaccinated with pneumococcal conjugate (PCV13); given at 2, 4, and 6 months of age; a fourth dose at 12 to 15 months of age
- Adults ≥65 years who have not received vaccine naïve, ACIP currently recommends PCV13 followed by pneumococcal polysaccharide (PPSV23) ≥1 year interval. If they received PPSV23 vaccine before age 65 years, they should receive a dose of PCV13 followed by a subsequent PPSV23 ≥1 year after PCV13 and at least 5 years have passed since their previous PPSV23 dose.
- For adults ≥65 years old who have already received PPSV23, a dose of PCV13 is indicated after ≥1 year.
- Adults 19 to 64 years who have chronic diseases, including alcoholism and tobacco use, should receive PPSV23.
- Adults ≥19 years old with immunocompromising conditions, asplenia, CSF leaks, cochlear implants who have not received PPSV23 or PCV13 should receive 1 dose of PCV13 followed by PPSV23 after ≥8 weeks. If a second dose of PPSV23 is recommended, it should be given 5 years after first dose. Adults >19 years, previously given PPSV23 should receive a PPCV13 dose ≥1 year after last PPSV23. If additional PPSV23 is required, it should be given ≥8 weeks after PCV13 and 5 years after most recent dose of PPSV23.
- Annual influenza vaccine
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Citation
Stephens, Mark B., et al., editors. "Pneumonia, Bacterial." 5-Minute Clinical Consult, 27th ed., Wolters Kluwer, 2019. Medicine Central, im.unboundmedicine.com/medicine/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/116465/all/Pneumonia__Bacterial.
Pneumonia, Bacterial. In: Stephens MB, Golding J, Baldor RA, et al, eds. 5-Minute Clinical Consult. 27th ed. Wolters Kluwer; 2019. https://im.unboundmedicine.com/medicine/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/116465/all/Pneumonia__Bacterial. Accessed December 11, 2019.
Pneumonia, Bacterial. (2019). In Stephens, M. B., Golding, J., Baldor, R. A., & Domino, F. J. (Eds.), 5-Minute Clinical Consult. Available from https://im.unboundmedicine.com/medicine/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/116465/all/Pneumonia__Bacterial
Pneumonia, Bacterial [Internet]. In: Stephens MB, Golding J, Baldor RA, Domino FJ, editors. 5-Minute Clinical Consult. Wolters Kluwer; 2019. [cited 2019 December 11]. Available from: https://im.unboundmedicine.com/medicine/view/5-Minute-Clinical-Consult/116465/all/Pneumonia__Bacterial.
* Article titles in AMA citation format should be in sentence-case
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ED - Baldor,Robert A,
ED - Domino,Frank J,
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PB - Wolters Kluwer
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DB - Medicine Central
DP - Unbound Medicine
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