Bronchiectasis

Etiology

• Cystic fibrosis
• Infection: tuberculosis, fungal, abscess, pneumonia, parasites
• Localized airway obstruction: retained foreign body, tumor, mucoid impaction
• Abnormal lung defense mechanisms
  • Hypogammaglobulinemia
  • Common variable immunodeficiency
  • Selective IgA, IgM, and IgG subclass deficiency
  • Acquired immunodeficiency from cytotoxic drugs, AIDS, lymphoma, leukemia, multiple myeloma, chronic renal disease, chronic liver disease
  • Alpha-1-antiprotease deficiency with cigarette smoking
  • Mucociliary clearance disorders (immotile cilia syndrome)
  • Rheumatic disease, eg, rheumatoid arthritis