Proptosis (exophthalmos)

DDx

  • Graves’ ophthalmopathy
  • Orbital cellulitis
  • Orbital pseudotumor
  • Tumor, eg, hemangioma, optic nerve glioma
  • Trauma or orbital hemorrhage
  • Retracted eyelid (normal variant)
  • Inflammatory disease, eg, Wegener’s granulomatosis, sarcoidosis
  • Carotid cavernous fistula, dural arteriovenous malformation (AVM), or cavernous sinus thrombosis
  • Posterior scleritis
  • Hand-Schuller-Christian disease (eosinophilic granuloma)

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