Osteoporosis

Etiology

• Estrogen (women) or androgen (men) deficiency
• Cushing's syndrome or glucocorticoid administration
• Hyperthyroidism
• Hyperparathyroidism
• Drugs: alcohol, tobacco, excessive vitamin D or A, heparin
• Immobilization

• Aromatase deficiency
• Type I collagen mutations
• Osteogenesis imperfecta
• Idiopathic juvenile and adult osteoporosis
• Ehlers-Danlos syndrome
• Marfan syndrome
• Homocystinuria

• Malignancy, especially multiple myeloma
• Liver disease, rheumatoid arthritis, uncontrolled diabetes mellitus
• Anorexia nervosa
• Reflex sympathetic dystrophy
• Protein-calorie malnutrition
• Vitamin C deficiency
• Copper deficiency
• Systemic mastocytosis