Obesity

DDx

• Increased caloric intake
• Fluid retention: congestive heart failure (CHF), cirrhosis, nephrotic syndrome
• Cushing’s syndrome, eg, exogenous corticosteroids (central obesity)
• Hypothyroidism (edema and fat accumulation)
• Alcoholism (via hypercortisolism)
• Menopause (decreased metabolic rate)
• Polycystic ovary syndrome
• Syndrome X (obesity, diabetes, and hypertension)
• Insulinoma (hypoglycemia causing overeating)
• Insulin or thiazolidinedione therapy (worsen obesity)
• Other drugs, eg, antipsychotics, antidepressants
• Pregnancy
• Growth hormone deficiency
• Hypothalamic disorders
• Congenital leptin deficiency (morbid obesity)
• Defects in ?-MSH (melanocortin 4) receptor (morbid obesity)
• Genetic syndromes of obesity and mental retardation
  • Prader-Willi syndrome (hypotonia, hypogonadism)
  • Laurence-Moon-Bardet-Biedl syndrome (polydactyly, renal anomalies, retinitis pigmentosa, hypogonadism)
  • Cohen’s syndrome (microcephaly, hypotonia, short stature, ocular anomalies, neutropenia)
  • Biemond syndrome (diabetes mellitus, polydactyly, coloboma, facial anomalies, hypogonadism)