Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Pediatric
Basics
Basics
Basics
Description
Description
Description
- Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that manifests in early childhood characterized by distractibility, impulsivity, hyperactivity, and/or inattention.
- Three subsets: predominantly hyperactivity (ADHD-H), predominantly inattentive (ADHD-I), or combined (ADHD-C)
- System(s) affected: nervous
Epidemiology
Epidemiology
Epidemiology
- Predominant age: onset <12 years; lasts into adolescence and adulthood
- Predominant sex: assigned male at birth > assigned female at birth (2:1); ADHD-I is more common in patients assigned female at birth.
Prevalence
9–15% of children aged 4 to 17 years
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Not definitive—suggested pathogenesis includes imbalance of catecholamine metabolism and structural brain differences. Environmental influences are controversial.
Risk Factors
Risk Factors
Risk Factors
- Family history (genetic component)
- Medical causes (affecting brain development)—including prenatal tobacco exposure and prematurity
Commonly Associated Conditions
Commonly Associated Conditions
Commonly Associated Conditions
- Mood disorders—depression, anxiety
- Behavior disorders—oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder
- Autism spectrum disorder
- Physiologic disorders—sleep disorders, tics
- Learning disabilities, developmental coordination syndrome, language disorder
- Substance use disorders
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