Geriatric Considerations
Colorectal neoplasms may be associated with constipation. Consider new-onset constipation after age 50 years a “red flag.” Use warm water enemas (instead of sodium phosphate enemas) for impaction in geriatric patients. Sodium phosphate enemas have been associated with fatalities and severe electrolyte disturbances.
Pediatric Considerations
Consider Hirschsprung disease (absence of colonic ganglion cells) in cases of pediatric constipation. Hirschsprung disease accounts for 25% of all newborn intestinal obstructions and can present as milder cases diagnosed in older children with chronic constipation, abdominal distension, and decreased growth. Hirschsprung has a 5:1 male-to-female ratio and is associated with inherited conditions (e.g., Down syndrome).
Pregnancy Considerations
Avoid misoprostol.
Incidence
Prevalence
Defecation reflex is a reflex that can be inhibited by voluntarily contracting the external sphincter or facilitated by straining to contract the abdominal muscles while voluntarily relaxing the anal sphincter. Rectal distention initiates the defecation reflex. The urge to defecate occurs with an increase in rectal pressure. Distention of the stomach also initiates rectal contractions and a desire to defecate (gastrocolic reflex).
High-fiber diet, adequate fluids, exercise, and training to “obey the urge” to defecate
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