Hematuria
Basics
Basics
Basics
Description
Description
Description
Gross (visible) or microscopic (nonvisible) blood in urine, either symptomatic or asymptomatic
Epidemiology
Epidemiology
Epidemiology
Prevalence
Children: gross: 0.13%; asymptomatic microscopic hematuria (AMH): 0.4–4.1%; adults: AMH: 0.9–17%
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Etiology and Pathophysiology
Etiology and Pathophysiology
- Trauma
- Exercise-induced (resolves within 24 hours of ceasing activity)
- Abdominal trauma or pelvic fracture with renal, bladder, or ureteral injury
- Iatrogenic from abdominal or pelvic surgery, indwelling catheters, or foreign body
- Physical/sexual abuse
- Neoplasms
- Urologic malignancies or benign tumors
- Endometriosis of the urinary tract (suspect in females with cyclic hematuria)
- Inflammatory/infectious causes
- UTI: most common cause of hematuria in adults
- Renal diseases: radiation nephritis and cystitis, acute/chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis (due to drugs, infections, systemic disease)
- Glomerular disease
- Goodpasture syndrome (antiglomerular basement membrane disease; autoimmune; associated pulmonary hemorrhage)
- IgA nephropathy
- Lupus nephritis
- Henoch-Schönlein purpura
- Membranoproliferative, poststreptococcal, or rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (GN)
- Wegener granulomatosis
- Endocarditis/visceral abscesses
- Infections: schistosomiasis, TB, syphilis
- Metabolic causes
- Stones (85% have hematuria.)
- Hypercalciuria: a common cause of gross and microscopic hematuria in children
- Hyperuricosuria
- Drugs that cause calculi such as acyclovir
- Congenital/familial causes
- Cystic disease: polycystic kidney disease, solitary renal cyst
- Benign familial hematuria or thin basement membrane nephropathy (autosomal dominant)
- Alport syndrome (X-linked in 80%; hematuria, proteinuria, hearing loss, corneal abnormalities)
- Fabry disease (X-linked recessive inborn error of metabolism; vascular kidney disease)
- Nail–patella syndrome (autosomal dominant; nail and patella hypoplasia; hematuria in 33%)
- Renal tubular acidosis type 1 (autosomal dominant or autoimmune)
- Hematologic causes
- Bleeding dyscrasias (e.g., hemophilia)
- Sickle cell anemia/trait (renal papillary necrosis)
- Vascular causes
- Hemangioma
- Arteriovenous malformations (rare)
- Nutcracker syndrome: compression of left renal vein, renal parenchymal congestion
- Renal artery/vein thrombosis
- Arterial emboli to kidney
- Chemical causes
- Aminoglycosides, cyclosporine, analgesics, oral contraceptives, Chinese herbs, cyclophosphamide, anticoagulants warfarin ([Coumadin], apixaban [Eliquis], rivaroxaban [Xarelto]), sulfa drugs, penicillins
- Obstruction
- Strictures or posterior urethral valves
- Hydronephrosis from any cause
- Benign prostatic hyperplasia: Rule out other causes of hematuria.
- Other causes: loin pain hematuria (most often in young women on oral contraceptives)
Risk Factors
Risk Factors
Risk Factors
- Smoking
- Occupational exposures (dyes, rubber, or tire manufacturing, petrochemicals)
- Medications (e.g., cyclophosphamide, pioglitazone therapy >1 year)
- Pelvic radiation
- Chronic infection, especially with calculi
- Recent upper respiratory tract infection
- Positive family history of stones, GN, or cancer
- Chronic indwelling foreign body
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